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By: Pierre Kory, MPA, MD

  • Associate Professor of Medicine, Fellowship Program Director, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York

https://www.medicine.wisc.edu/people-search/people/staff/5057/Kory_Pierre

Other foods contain factors for iron at four levels of dietary iron bioavailabil (ligands) that strongly bind ferrous ions and ity (5 symptoms intestinal blockage cheap sustiva 200mg, 10 symptoms for bronchitis order 600mg sustiva fast delivery, 12 and 15%) and are given in Table inhibit absorption medicine valium buy sustiva 600mg without prescription. In nonpathological states the Recommended Food-based approaches for combating iron deficiency 341 Table 20. This is especially true if there are iron absorption inhibitors in the diet such as phytate or tannins. Among children the determi are slightly lower (20 mg) due to variation in nants of iron deficiency anemia are age (the body size. In premenopausal women aged younger the child, the higher the risk with the between 19 and 50 the recommended intake is weaning period in infants being especially critical 59 mg (2). Among pregnant women the determi iron stores are replenished), and by the properties nants are age, gravida, and stage of gestation with of the meal as determined by the amount of heme women below 20 years of age, those who have and non-heme iron in the meal, food preparation been pregnant before, and those in their second practices in terms of cooking time and tempera and third trimester being more prone to defi ture, and the presence of enhancing dietary fac ciency. Among lactating women the determinants tors such as meat peptides and vitamin C, and are period of lactation and vitamin A status. In Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are India, the National Family Health Survey worldwide public health problems. Low levels of plasma iron, folate, zinc, and In many developing countries, anemia rates in vitamins B12 and A have also been shown to be children are high (above 50%) and the severity of associated with anemia. These cognitive effects are a have a significant impact on human welfare strong argument for the more active and effec both at the level of the individual and for the tive combating of iron deficiency, especially in economic development of a country. At the women up through the period of adolescence individual level, iron deficiency has several and into early adulthood prior to and during negative effects on important functions of the pregnancy, and for infants and children. Deficiency can slow growth, hinder physical and mental development, and reduce Iron deficiency negatively influences the the ability of the body to maintain itself. It is bodys normal immunological defense mecha associated with impaired immune response, nisms against infection. The cell-mediated lowered resistance to infection and increased immunologic response of T lymphocytes is morbidity and mortality rates, adverse preg im-paired as a result of a reduction in the for nancy outcome, and reduced school perfor mation of these cells. There is a relationship increases the dangers of lead poisoning, parti even with mild iron deficiency and brain cularly among young children. Women with a reduced interaction with the physical and low hematocrit of <37% had twice the risk of a social world and become functionally iso premature birth as women with a hematocrit lated, which impedes their cognitive develop between 41% and 44% (7, 8). Studies have found indicators of iron status associated with a number of cognitive Iron deficiency reduces the physical abilities in young school children, and with capacity to do work, which seems to be less 344 B. Thompson related to the degree of anemia than to the Factors that determine iron deficiency anemia impaired oxidative metabolism in the muscles due include overall low incomes and poverty that to the lack of iron-containing rate-limiting enzymes result in low overall food intakes and poor monot for oxidative metabolism. Poor dietary intake both in terms of total Since the highest prevalence is found in quantity of food and of micronutrient rich food infants, children, adolescents, and women of are often the major cause of micronutrient malnu childbearing age, the burden falls not just on the trition. The debili can satisfy the nutritional needs of population tating consequences include loss of human capital groups so long as the capacity to produce and pur and reduced work capacity and therefore of pro chase food is not limited for example by socio ductivity in adults. Does this ble resource-poor subsistence farmers and land imply that the normal diet cannot cover physiologi less laborers whose main food supplies come cal iron requirements For many years nutritionists directly from the land and who often have have assumed that all nutrients can be obtained restricted access to fortified foods due to low pur from a diet containing a variety of foods drawn chasing power and undeveloped distribution from a variety of sources. Those who are physiologically vulnera people had access to a sufficient quantity and vari ble include those groups with special dietary ety of foods, then they would meet their nutritional problems or nutritional needs, including women needs. This still may be true, but despite increases of childbearing age, pregnant and lactating in the availability of a wide variety of foods in women, young children and famine-affected pop almost every country in the world, the continued ulations, who may lack access to a diet that is suf existence of micronutrient deficiencies, including ficient in quantity or quality to provide adequate iron deficiency anemia, throws this general levels of iron. Why have improved food the food and nutrition needs of both these vulner supplies not necessarily resulted in adequate vita able groups. Food-based approaches for combating iron deficiency 345 Iron requirements also tend to be difficult to not possible. As demonstrated in the analysis of meet, and replenishment remains challenging for typical staple-based diets, micronutrient rich those severely deficient. Low bioavailability of foods including small amount of flesh foods and a iron in cereal and tuber-based diets is one of the variety of plant foods (vegetables and fruits) are main causes of iron deficiency anemia in low needed daily. This may not be realistic at present income countries, as they contain high amounts of for many communities living under conditions of polyphenols (tannins) and phytates that inhibit poverty.

Congenital infections with viruses (cytomegalovirus treatment laryngitis discount sustiva 200mg without prescription, rubella 911 treatment buy 200mg sustiva amex, herpes symptoms 10dpo discount sustiva 600 mg on line, and others) or toxoplasmosis can cause severe encephalopathic disease. Seizures also often occur in neonates with acute intracranial bacterial infections, most commonly Escherichia coli and group B streptococcal meningitis. Metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia are associated with neonatal seizures. Newborn infants who are premature and infants of diabetic mothers (large for gestational age, or small for gestational age) are most at risk for hypoglycemia. Those infants who are of low birth weight, born to diabetic mothers, or who have suffered hypoxic-ischemic injury are also at risk for hypocalcemia. Other metabolic abnormalities associated with seizures include local anesthetic intoxication, hyponatremia, and inborn errors of metabolism (2,5). Diagnostic evaluation includes glucose, electrolytes, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in order to identify an immediately correctable metabolic condition. Lesions of hypoxic-ischemic injury can be identified within the first 2-3 days after the asphyxial event (6). Treatment of neonatal seizures should focus on the primary etiology as well as direct seizure control. Phenobarbital is often used as the first line anticonvulsant, followed by phenytoin and lorazepam. Prognosis varies as a function of primary etiology and gestational age of the infant. Infants with a normal background activity are less likely to have neurological sequelae as Page 102 opposed to those with moderate to severe abnormalities such as burst-suppression pattern, voltage suppression, and electrocerebral silence (2). Does the onset of neonatal seizures correlate with the timing of fetal neurologic injury Neonatal seizures associated with cerebral lesions shown by magnetic resonance imaging. Intrapartum medications included 3 doses of butorphanol (narcotic opioid analgesic). She is centrally pink with persistent grunting, shallow respirations, and lethargy. The chest x-ray is rotated with fluid in the right fissure, diffuse streakiness on the left, and a normal cardiac silhouette. The evaluation and management of the neonate at risk for sepsis is potentially a source of frustration for students and practitioners. The convention in the past has often been to evaluate and empirically treat all neonates felt to be at significant risk, especially as relates to maternal factors and the receipt of maternal antibiotics in labor. Due to evolutions in health care and the advent of intrapartum prophylaxis for group B streptococcal sepsis (mothers are routinely screened for group B strep and if found to be positive, they are given ampicillin prior to delivery), more attention has come to focus (very appropriately) on the clinical evaluation of the infant as a major part of the decision to evaluate and treat with antibiotics. This factor; however, remains fraught with a degree of uncertainty related to the nonspecific manifestations of infection in the newborn, the sometimes rapid progression of sepsis in the newborn, and the lack of laboratory tools which have high positive predictive accuracy. The approach in this section of neonatal sepsis will be to: 1) incorporate the evolutionary changes in management which are based on more recent evidence; 2) to emphasize the lack of a gold standard underlying the variations in practice. The information upon which former standard practice is based is also provided throughout the chapter. These are necessary and basic to understanding the problem of neonatal sepsis and perinatal infections. Common bacterial and viral infectious agents causing sepsis (or something similar to sepsis): E. The most important risk factors for neonatal sepsis: Prematurity Untreated maternal chorioamnionitis. There are still many unknowns in neonatal sepsis which continue to elude us, and compel the diagnosis of neonatal infection to be made clinically more often than not. Will ampicillin resistant organisms be seen with more use of intrapartum ampicillin prophylaxis Does intrapartum treatment of the mother for chorioamnionitis also treat the fetus effectively

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This test involves sonographic localization of the placenta medications peripheral neuropathy generic 600mg sustiva mastercard, fetus and amniotic fluid medications hypertension order sustiva 200mg fast delivery. Within this fluid xerostomia medications that cause purchase sustiva 600mg free shipping, fetal cells from the fetal skin, urinary system and amniotic membranes are spun down and collected. The cells are then grown in culture for approximately 5-6 days and arrested in the metaphase of the cell replication cycle. After fixation and staining, the chromosomes are identified and counted to assess the number and gross structure. Typically, humans have 22 pairs or autosomes and two sex chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. As with any invasive tests, there is a risk for miscarriage of approximately 1:200-300 procedures performed. Chorionic villus sampling can be accomplished in the first trimester by sampling the placenta either transcervically or transabdominally. Since the placenta is fetal in origin, karyotype analysis of the placental cells will most often accurately reflect the fetal chromosomes. The major advantage to this procedure is the earlier gestational age at the time of diagnosis. The draw back is a slightly increased risk for miscarriage of approximately 1:75-100 procedures performed. The procedure is performed much like that of an amniocentesis under ultrasound guidance. The needle is directed to the umbilical cord and blood removed directly from the fetal blood vessels. Because the target is much smaller, skill at imaging the vessel and directing the needle is an absolute requirement. In addition, since the white blood cells in the fetal circulation are actively dividing, karyotype analysis is accomplished much quicker, often without requiring many days of cell growth. True/False:the risk of aneuploidy such as trisomy 21 only exists in women over 35 years old. Midtrimester maternal serum screening utilized levels of these analytes (biochemical markers) except: a. This a 17 year old G3P0Tab2 who presents in her 18th week of pregnancy seeking prenatal counseling. She is also taking lithium for a manic disorder and has been drinking alcohol regularly for the past 6 months. This example demonstrates that there are multiple opportunities to effect fetal development. Medical illnesses, prescription medication and environmental exposures play important roles in the pathogenesis of birth defects. In this section we will review the broad topic of teratogens and congenital anomalies. Physiologic Basis of Birth Defectsthe development of birth defects is greatly dependent on the gestational age, nature of the teratogens and the intensity and duration of exposure. The reader is strongly encouraged to review human development, particularly embryology as it relates to organogenesis, to better understand how and when environmental factors may influence fetal development. Organ systems differ in the timing and duration of formation, which results in marked differences in susceptibility. For example, the cardiovascular system undergoes a lengthy and complex developmental phase which probably explains why this organ system has the highest incidence for birth defects. Also as general rule, significant early insults (less than 8 gestational weeks) result in spontaneous miscarriages, whereas exposure later in the gestation (typically after organogenesis or approximately 14-16 weeks gestation) has less of an effect. It is essential to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms for fetal mal-development, which may be divided into malformation, deformation, disruption or dysplasia. A malformation is commonly defined as a single localized poor formation of tissue that initiates a chain of subsequent defects (1). Anencephaly, for example, is a result of a failure of closure of the anterior neural tube prior to 26 days of fetal life which ultimately results in the degeneration of the forebrain. In comparison, a deformation is a result of extrinsic mechanical forces on otherwise normal tissue. This is illustrated in the characteristic pattern of abnormalities including the abnormal facies, pulmonary hypoplasia, and limb contractures that result from prolonged oligohydramnios, either secondary to renal agenesis (Potter syndrome) or premature rupture of membranes (Potter sequence).

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In addition medications 25 mg 50 mg buy discount sustiva 200 mg, uncontrolled diabetes dramatically contributes to symptoms zoloft dosage too high buy sustiva 200mg line de velopment of severe dehydration and volume depletion due to medicine for yeast infection discount sustiva 600mg overnight delivery osmotic diure sis. In people with poorly controlled diabetes, reduced water intake can also lead to dehydration owing to infection or hypotension, which can lead to de lirium and an impaired ability to seek water. Cystic fibrosis: People with cystic fibrosis have high concentrations of sodium chloride in their sweat. They may lose excessive amounts of sodium and chlo ride when their sweating rates are high and, unlike healthy people, their body fluid osmolality does not increase due to the high concentrations of sodium chloride in their sweat. Without elevated serum osmolality, a major trigger for thirst, cystic fibrosis patients can quickly become dehydrated during physical activity, particularly in the heat. Diuretics and other medications: There are no medications that directly stimu late water intake. When decreased fluid intake has occurred due to illness, medications that improve metabolic and cognitive function should indirectly help people increase their fluid intake. Examples include antibiotics for infec tions, insulin for unstable diabetics, and analgesics for delirium-inducing pain. Diuretics are commonly used medications that are prescribed for the treatment of condi tions such as hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Dehy dration may occur in people who do not modify their use of diuretics in hot weather or in other situations where excess water loss occurs. Other medica tions, such as lithium, may interfere with the kidneys regulatory systems, lead ing to excessive water loss. However, acute water toxicity has been reported from the rapid consumption of large quantities of fluids that greatly exceeded the kidneys maximal excretion rate of approxi mately 0. No adverse intakes have been reported with chronic high intakes of water in health people consuming a normal diet, as long as fluid intake is approximately proportional to losses. Alcohol Alcohol intake appears to Based on limited data, ethanol ingestion did not increase water excretion. Sodium Increased sodium intake Based on limited data, it was not possible to may increase urine volume. Protein Increased protein Studies showed that increased protein intake did consumption may increase not affect water intake or urine volume in water needs. Fiber Fecal water loss is increased Limited studies showed significant increases in with increased dietary fiber. Carbohydratethe presence of dietary On average, 100 g/day of carbohydrates (the amount carbohydrates may affect needed to prevent ketosis) has been shown to decrease body water deficit by decreasing the quantity of body solutes (ketone bodies) that need to be excreted. This response is similar when ketosis occurs with the consumption of very low carbohydrate diets. Excessive water intake can lead to hyponatre mia, which is a low concentration of sodium in the blood (defined as serum sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L). The lowering of the extracel lular fluid sodium concentration causes fluid to move into the intracellular fluid space, resulting in central nervous system edema, lung congestion, and muscle weakness. Hyponatremia can also occur from excessive fluid intake, the under replacement of sodium, or both, during or after prolonged endurance athletic events. Hyponatremia is rare in healthy persons who consume an average North American diet. The condition is most often seen in infants, psychiatric patients with psychogenic polydipsia (chronic excessive thirst and fluid intake), pa tients on psychotropic drugs, women who have undergone surgery using a uter ine distension medium, and participants in prolonged endurance events, such as military recruits. A series of case studies has suggested that gross overconsumption of fluids (for example, more than 20 L/day) is associated with irreversible bladder le sions and possibly thinner bladder muscles, delayed bladder sensation, and flow rate impairment. It also serves as the medium for transport within the body by supplying nutrients and removing waste. These reference values represent total water intakes that are considered likely to prevent deleterious, primarily acute, effects of dehydration, including metabolic and functional abnormalities. However, on a day to-day basis, fluid intake, driven by the combination of thirst and mealtime beverage consumption, helps maintain hydration status and total body water at normal levels. This condition leads to central nervous system edema, lung congestion, and muscle weakness. This section is divided into chapters that are organized by nutrient for 35 individual vitamins and minerals.

Agnes can also be reassured that short-term use for a couple of days im The nurse comes to medicine 44334 discount sustiva 600mg on-line tell you that Martine treatment shingles generic sustiva 200 mg mastercard, a healthy mediately postpartum is associated with low transfer of woman in her fourth pregnancy at 33 weeks gestation drug into breast milk (less than 3%) and that there are who is attending the antenatal clinic medicine 3604 pill best sustiva 200 mg, has been com no apparent eects on the baby. She nds it 200 mg 12 hourly) may be available, and because they very painful to rise from a sitting position and is more have no eect on platelet function they are the best comfortable crawling around the house on all four limbs choice for women who are bleeding or at high risk of than walking. However, they have not yet been adequately it took her 2 hours to walk from her house to the clinic, evaluated during human lactation, and although the risk a journey that usually takes her 20 minutes. She is very of aecting the breastfeeding baby appears low, safety tender to palpation over both the suprapubic region and cannot be guaranteed. The pain is increased by springing the travenous paracetamol/acetaminophen, which provides pelvis. You explain the problem and discuss an initial useful in reducing Agness risk of having poorly plan of management with her. This regional examples are lumbar vertebral facet pain, disk protru analgesic block is performed using, for example, 20 mL sion or rupture); visceral pain (cholecystitis, renal Chapter Title 241 colic, degenerating uterine broids, or bowel pain); impairment, premature closure of the ductus arterio neuropathic pain (intercostal neuralgia, meralgia par sus with subsequent neonatal pulmonary hyperten esthetica of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, sion, and neonatal intracranial hemorrhage. Would local anesthetics or opioid drugs What initial treatment would you be suitable in this case It is the case with many painful conditions (including Irrespective of the cause of the pain, nonpharmacologi Martines) that the treatment you start with ultimate cal pain management options should be considered and ly proves insucient. The possibility of a neuropathic tried, where possible, before analgesic drugs are used component should be considered in Martines case, and for acute pain that appears likely to require prolonged the appropriate drug treatment is discussed in case 1 treatment or a stepwise approach to continued manage above. Your plan for Martine should start with physi for Martine are local anesthetic inltration and oral cal therapies (for example referral to a therapist for a opioid analgesia. Inltration with local anesthetic pro sacroiliac pelvic support belt; gentle manipulation and vides temporary (and sometimes prolonged) relief of postural exercises; and local application of heat or ice, joint pain (another example is into the coccyx for coc transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupunc cydynia, or into the facet joint for back pain) and myo ture or similar treatments), but it would also be reason fascial pain (for example into trigger points in the ab able to introduce nonopioid analgesic drugs, bearing in dominal wall, neck, or shoulders or the costochondral mind their safety for the fetus and neonate. A steroid such as triamcinolone (acetaminophen) has been used in millions of pregnant could be included if inammation is suspected, but women and is safe. Aspirin is acceptable, but its pro steroids are best omitted in the rst trimester and in longed use is best avoided (see case 2 above). Provided the operator has knowl has not been evaluated in large trials during pregnancy edge of the relevant anatomy and adequate expertise, but is widely used after the rst trimester, so it would be inltration is generally a low-risk procedure that can acceptable for short-term use for Martine to reduce the be useful both diagnostically and therapeutically. The severe pain until other measures have had a chance to local anesthetic drugs are of no or minimal risk to the become eective. It would not be ideal to continue tra fetus, although maximum dose limits for the individu madol for several weeks until the time of delivery, be al drug and the type of block should be applied. Tese drugs prevent prostaglan available in a referral hospital, a period of epidural an din-induced myometrial gap junction formation and algesia with a combined local anesthetic and opioid can transmembrane inux and sarcolemmal release of cal be very benecial. This leaves only a opioids (morphine, methadone, codeine, and in some short period during the second trimester of pregnancy countries oxycodone, buprenorphine, and fentanyl) when these drugs may be useful. Fetal exposure in late can be used safely for short periods during pregnancy pregnancy may result in oligohydramnios due to renal (and in some cases will already be prescribed or are 242 Author(s) being used by patients illicitly). If prolonged admin a quiet environment, and some will need treatment with istration is expected, drugs without active metabo sedative drugs such as phenobarbitone (10 mg/day), di lites are preferable, for example methadone rather azepam, clonidine, or morphine (starting at 0. Women who become opi an information resource describing drug safety oid tolerant and need escalating doses will provide a in pregnancy and lactation. Be guided by pub number of challenges in managing pain during labor, lished recommendations and liaise with other as well as during and after cesarean section. Options medical and nursing stainvolved in pain man such as opioid rotation and multiple opioids may agement. These women need more interventions and ter cesarean section that is not only eective but increase the staff workload. Tere should be a multimodal opi ing used at the time of childbirth are important, so oid-based approach, preferably using the spinal a number of staff need to be aware of opioid con (subarachnoid) route of opioid administration. If sumption, including the obstetrician, midwife, pe a systemic opioid is used it should be combined diatrician, and local doctor.

Additional information:

References:

  • https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/pdf/manuals/60_Renal.pdf
  • https://www.seattlechildrens.org/pdf/PE844.pdf
  • http://sdevoto.web.wesleyan.edu/343/readings/emery2002.pdf
  • https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/icd_volume_one_2015_en_0.pdf
  • https://www.spokaneeye.com/assets/PDFs/af9cd5a5e5/BCM76070_v2-CM-Patient-Brochure.pdf

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